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The Qiang () was a name given to various groups of people at different periods in ancient China. The Qiang people are generally thought to have been of Tibetan-Burmese〔Randy J. LaPolla: (Language Typology and Historical Contingency: In honor of Johanna Nichols ). 2013, page 472.〕〔Craig Benjamin: (The Yuezhi: Origin, Migration and the Conquest of Northern Bactria ). Isd, 2007, page 94.〕〔Sigfried J. de Laet, Joachim Herrmann: (History of Humanity: From the seventh century B.C. to the seventh century A.D ). UNESCO, 1996, page 501.〕〔David Curtis Wright: (The History of China ). ABC-CLIO, 2011, page 17.〕〔Sanping Chen: (Multicultural China in the Early Middle Ages ). University of Pennsylvania Press, 2012.〕〔Enoch O. Aboh, Norval Smith: (Complex Processes in New Languages ). ohn Benjamins Publishing, 2009. page 87.〕〔Lee Feigon: (Demystifying Tibet: Unlocking the Secrets of the Land of the Snows ). 1996, page 15.〕〔Dorothy C. Wong: (Chinese Steles: Pre-Buddhist and Buddhist Use of a Symbolic Form ). University of Hawaii Press, 2004, page 44.〕〔Patricia Buckley Ebrey: (The Cambridge Illustrated History of China ), Cambridge University Press, 2010, page 69.〕〔Henry Luce Foundation Professor of East Asian Studies Nicola Di Cosmo, Nicola Di Cosmo, Don J Wyatt. (Political Frontiers, Ethnic Boundaries and Human Geographies in Chinese History ). Routledge, 2005, page 87.〕〔David Graff: (Medieval Chinese Warfare 300-900 ). Routledge, 2003, page 128.〕〔Zhuoyun Xu: (China: A New Cultural History ), Columbia University Press, 2013.〕 origin, though there are other theories. The Tangut people of Tang, Sung and Yuan dynasties may be of Qiang descent.〔 ==History== The term "Qiang" appears in the ''Classic of Poetry'' in reference to Tang of Shang (trad. 1675–1646 BC).〔''Shi Jing'', Sacrificial Odes of ''Shang'', ''Yin Wu''. 《詩經·商頌·殷武》: "昔有成湯，自彼氐羌，莫敢不來享，莫敢不來王"。〕 They seem to have lived in a diagonal band from northern Shaanxi to northern Henan, somewhat to the south of the later Beidi. They were enemy of the Shang dynasty, who mounted expeditions against them, capturing slaves and victims for human sacrifice. The Qiang prisoners were skilled in making oracle bones. According to the ''Shuowen Jiezi'', the Qiang were shepherds, part of the Xirong.〔( Shouwen ) Original text: 羌：西戎牧羊人也。从人从羊，羊亦聲。〕 They had a close relation to the Zhou dynasty, who may themselves have come from the Rong,〔 and were mentioned in the ''Book of Documents'' and ''Records of the Grand Historian'' as one of the allies of King Wu of Zhou who defeated the Shang.〔(Shiji ) 武王曰：「嗟！我有國冢君，司徒、司馬、司空，亞旅、師氏，千夫長、百夫長，及庸、蜀、羌、髳、微、纑、彭、濮人，稱爾戈，比爾干，立爾矛，予其誓。」〕 Christopher I. Beckwith proposes that the word "Qiang" possibly has an Indo-European etymology and that the Qiang were of Indo-European origin; From the modern Chinese Qiang (), Sinologist Edwin G. Pulleyblank reconstructs the Old Chinese *klaŋ, which Beckwith compares to the Tocharian word klānk, meaning "to ride, go by wagon", as in "to ride off to hunt from a chariot", so that Qiang could actually mean "charioteer". It has been suggested that the clan of Jiang Yuan, mother of Houji, an ancestor of the Zhou dynasty, was possibly related or identical to the Qiang.〔 Some of these groups were called the "Horse-Qiang" or "Many-Horse-Qiang" (Ma Qiang or Duo Ma Qiang), suggesting they may have been horse breeders.〔 Not until the rise of the state of Qin under Duke Mu was the Qiang expansion effectively halted. This ancient tribe is said to be the progenitor of both the modern Qiang and the Tibetan people.〔Bradley Mayhew, Korina Miller, Alex English: (South-West China ). 2002. Northern Síchuan - Around Wénchuan, page 517.〕 During the Han dynasty, a group of nomads to the southwest of Dunhuang were known as the Chuo Qiang (). They were described in the ''Book of Han'' as a people who moved with their livestock in search of water and pasture, made military weapons themselves using iron from the mountains, and possessed bows, lances, short knives, swords and armour. In the ''Weilüe'', other Qiang tribes named were the "Brown Onion", "White Horse", and "Yellow Ox" Qiang.〔(Annotated translation of the ''Weilüe'' by John E. Hill )〕 The various tribes of the Qiangs formed a confederation against the Han but were defeated. Later in the Han Dynasty, groups of people in the western part of Sichuan were mentioned in the ''Book of the Later Han'' as separate branches of the Qiang. A song from one of these groups, the "White Wolf" people, was transcribed in Chinese characters together with Chinese translation, and the language has since been identified as a Tibeto-Burman language.〔 A Qiang leader, Yao Chang, founded the Later Qin kingdom (384–417 CE) during the Sixteen Kingdoms period of Chinese history. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Qiang (historical people)」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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